STRUCTURAL AND FUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SPHINCTERS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF HUMAN AND ANIMALS

Abstract

Sphincters of the gastrointestinal tract are divided into external and internal, which have muscular, musculovascular and mucous components. Muscular-vascular, in turn, were divided into musculo-venous and musculo-arterial. Muscular-vascular sphincters, due to the presence of peculiar venous structures in the submucosa or due to the significant density of arterial capillary networks, provide better sealing of the lumen of the transition zones compared to simply muscular sphincters. The main structural sphincters are: a thickened circular layer of the muscular membrane, its uneven thickness around the circumference, the presence of an angle between adjacent organs, well-developed glands, lymphoid formations, vascular and intermuscular nerve plexus; Morphologically, the sphincter of the digestive canal is complex - a combination of education.