VASCULAR COMPLICATIONS OF DIABETES
Keywords:
Endothelial dysfunction, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy, atherosclerosis, oxidative stress, genetic susceptibility, cardiovascular disease, microvascular complications, macrovascular complications, nitric oxide, angiogenesisAbstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disorder that often results in serious vascular consequences, greatly impacting global health due to elevated morbidity and mortality rates. This review delineates the mechanisms underlying diabetes mellitus-related vascular complications, categorising them into macrovascular complications, such as coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and peripheral artery disease, and microvascular complications, including diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy. These difficulties generally arise from persistent hyperglycemia, which induces oxidative stress and inflammatory processes, thereby destroying vital biomolecules such as lipids, proteins, and DNA in vascular tissues. The likelihood of macrovascular problems in diabetes individuals, such as myocardial infarction and stroke, is significantly increased, whereas microvascular consequences frequently result in blindness, renal failure, and neuropathic pain.The research underscores the essential requirement for proficient glycaemic management and prompt intervention to avert or mitigate the emergence and advancement of these problems. Contemporary treatment modalities emphasise the management of hyperglycemia; yet, there is a necessity for focused techniques to mitigate oxidative stress and inflammation. A deeper comprehension of the molecular mechanisms behind diabetes mellitus-related vascular damage may facilitate the development of targeted therapeutic strategies, thus alleviating the strain on healthcare systems. Subsequent investigations into antioxidant and anti-inflammatory treatments may yield novel strategies to enhance outcomes for diabetes individuals susceptible to vascular problems. This study highlights the critical significance of integrated care models and public health policies in the management and prevention of diabetic vascular problems.
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